Selenium is an essential element found in selenoproteins and deficiency is recognized in humans and animals. Although technically a nonmetal, certain forms have metal-like properties. Selenium (Se) was discovered in 1817, and named after the Greek word selene meaning moon. Toxic effects of selenium are also discussed in Chapter 15, Veterinary Toxicology. Symptoms stabilized with the resolution of the abnormal thyroid function induced by the levothyroxine overdose. Patient also suffered from auricular flutter and J-wave syndrome. in the case of a 14-year-old boy who presented to the ED with lethargy and walking instability after an attempted suicide via ingestion of 75 tablets of levothyroxine 75 μg. The toxic effects of levothyroxine were documented by Flores-González et al. Similarly, a 61-year-old patient who accidentally ingested 1000 times excess of levothyroxine rather than the actual dose of 50 mg exhibited altered mental consciousness, acute respiratory failure, and atrial fibrillation. Patient experienced hypercoagulation and a hypofibrinolytic effect, reflecting an increased risk of venous thrombosis. Authors reported a case of 23-year-old woman who attempted suicide by ingesting 25 mg of levothyroxine. Toxic effects of high doses of levothyroxine on cardiac cells were reported by Stuijver et al. Vicky Mody, in Side Effects of Drugs Annual, 2018 Drug Overdose Data suggests that Harber's rule does not apply in all exposures based on rat studies as rats exposed to sarin vapor survived higher concentrations than predicted at the shortest and longest exposure times ( Suchard, 2019). The following LD 50 values have been documented in the literature: tabun aerosol: 400 mg-min/ m 3, VX aerosol: 10 mg-min m 3 -1, sarin dermal: 1700 mg, VX dermal: 6–10 mg. In severe toxicity, victims may experience loss of consciousness, seizures, muscle fasciculations, flaccid paralysis, and/or apnea. The most common acute symptomatic presentation includes defecation, diaphoresis, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchorrhea, emesis, lacrimation, and salivation. Persistence of toxicity and symptoms is dependent upon agent form. Some toxic effects mainly involving the central nervous system may persist for weeks. Toxic effects develop within seconds to minutes with vapor exposure, however, liquid exposure may present in a delayed fashion. DeFalco, in Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, 2022 Nerve agents It is important to note that certain commonly used medical drugs, such as thiazide diuretics and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, can elevate lithium levels and cause toxic effects ( Gelder et al., 1996).Īlicia P. There have been reports of permanent neurological damage in patients who have suffered from lithium toxicity. In severe cases renal dialysis may be needed. If these symptoms appear, lithium must be stopped at once and a high intake of fluid provided. Such symptoms constitute a serious medical emergency for they can progress through coma and fits to death. They include ataxia, poor coordination of limb movements, muscle twitching, slurred speech, and confusion. Because therapeutic blood levels (0.5–1.0 mmol/1) are close to levels at which toxicity may be experienced (> 1.5mmol/l) it is important for both patient and clinician to be aware of symptoms of toxicity. Toxic effects of lithium are related to dose. Cowen, in Comprehensive Clinical Psychology, 1998 6.06.8.1.4 Toxic effects Animal studies have suggested the teratogenicity of some herbs, 14 but the implications of such findings remain unclear, and more research is necessary. 40 The infant was born with hepatic vaso-occlusive disease and died senecionine is one of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids associated with hepatic venous injury. 39 For example, Roulet and his associates in Switzerland reported the case of a newborn whose mother drank senecionine-containing herbal tea daily for the duration of her pregnancy. It is possible that herbal chemicals may be transported through the placenta to cause toxic effects on the sensitive growing fetus. The effects of herbs on the embryo and fetus are not known in many cases. 38 Many herbs have not been adequately tested for mutagenicity. Some essential oils, for example, have cytotoxic properties or cause cellular transformation in in vitro cell culture studies. Toxic effects of herbs on the male or female reproductive systems are of concern. May Loo MD, in Integrative Medicine for Children, 2009 Teratogens Mutagenesis
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